Sardinia / Italy AFRICAN SWINE FEVER 12 APRIL 2010 Regional Sardinian Animal Health Department & Ministry of Health
Sardinia: pig population ASL_2_OLBIA ASL_1_SASSARI Sanitary Local Agency 1 SASSARI Herds 5.233 Heads 59.630 ASL_3_NUORO 2 OLBIA 3 NUORO 1.489 4.130 7.152 40.906 ASL_5_ORISTANO 4 LANUSEI 1.078 17.882 ASL_4_LANUSEI 5 ORISTANO 2.647 27.171 6 SANLURI 1.070 60.938 ASL_6_SANLURI 7 CARBONIA 809 8.994 8 CAGLIARI 1.288 25.683 ASL_7_CARBONIA ASL_8_CAGLIARI Total Sardinia 17.744 248.356
Pig breeding system in Sardinia Backyard 16031 90.34% Intensive 320 1.80% Confined/Free ranging 899 5.06% Free ranging 494 2.78%
Sardinia: pig population In total in Sardinia there are around 17,000 pig farms distributed over the territory in a different way in relation to the type of farming In general the density of farms/municipality varies from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 504 farms/km 2 (mean 64,28)
ASFV HISTORY ASF has arrived in the south of Sardinia in 1978, probably due to administration of kitchen waste contaminated After an initial phase of relative peace there was a number of secondary cases, always limited to the south of Sardinia, until new cases due to the transport of pigs in transhumant flocks that caused the transfer of infection through the center of Sardinia (Nuoro province)
ASFV HISTORY In this territory since almost all the farms are free-ranging, there were conditions for the transformation of the epidemic in endemic, which still survives, despite more eradication plans
ASFV HISTORY The family kind of breeding, represents, at the moment, the principal risk-factor for african swine fever, in terms of: Biosecurity Animal movements Animal identification Herd management Contacts with others domestic pigs Contacts with wild boars
ASFV HISTORY In the center of Sardinia, there are many pig farms without barriers (such as fences, hedges, natural barriers, etc.) In this area they are a favorable habitat for the presence of wild boars This habitat is the same for the uncontrolled domestic pigs and wild boars In Nuoro province, pigs are farmed according to traditional practices, such as grazing free-range herds on vast communal lands to utilize acorns produced by evergreen oaks
ASFV HISTORY free-ranging pigs are considered the primary reservoirs of ASFV in Sardinia ± whereas wild boars probably play a secondary role
2004 Outbreaks (blu points) in risk areas (from yellow to red)
2005 Outbreaks (blu points) in risk areas (from yellow to red)
2006 NO Outbreaks (blu points) in risk areas (from yellow to red)
2007 Outbreaks (blu points) ONLY in risk areas (from yellow to red)
2008 Outbreaks (blu points) ONLY in risk areas (from yellow to red)
2009 Outbreaks (blu points) ONLY 4 in risk areas (from yellow to red)
Asf outbreaks/year in sardinia Beginning of the eradication plan Ipoendemic period Last epidemi c period
105 out of 377 municipalities were involved in one or more outbreaks during the period 1993-2009 (7.828 SqKm surface 32% of Sardinia) 26 municipalities with just one outbreak
Surveillance wild boar population (estimation) The surface compatible with the habitat of wild boar is 7.478 km2 (less than 1/3 of the surface of the whole Region - 24.100 km2) TERRITORY ESTIMATION (heads) HIGH RISK ZONE 35.000 REST OF TERRITORY 40.000 Total 75.000
Surveillance wild boar 2000-2009 Hunting season N. Samples Seropositives Prevalence 95% (cl) Virus +vi 2000-2001 361 27 7.48 (5.08-10.82) 0 2001-2002 880 62 7.04 (5.48-8.99) 0 2002-2003 230 34 14.78 (10.59-20.19) 0 2003-2004 620 19 3.06 (1.91-4.18) 1 2004-2005 349 22 6.30 (4.08-9.53) 0 2005-2006 4.194 91 2,17 (1,76-2,67) 0 2006-2007 3.648 93 2,55 (2,07-3,13) 2 2007-2008 3.164 115 3,63 (3,02-4,36) 22 2008-2009 3.916 23 0,59(0,38-0,90) 0
Surveillance wild boar The territory of Sardinia is divided in 32 macro-areas 3 18 16 1 27 28 29 15 2 30 17 20 7 5 9 6 Infected zones from 2004 31 21 4 8 22 19 23 13 12 32 11 24 14 25 10 26
SURVEILLANCE WILD BOAR 2009-2010 In the hunting season 2009-2010 two samples were founded virological positive in the macro-area of Desulo (north-east zone) The infected macro-areas of Arzachena, Orgosolo and Urzulei-Baunei (north-centraleast zone) are going to be lifted, since any sample was founded virological positive in the last two years
Sero-surveillance in domestic pigs - 2008 Serological checks - 2008 Municipality Farms (BDN 2008) Checks Orgosolo 69 126 3 Benetutti 82 77 2 Urzulei 42 44 2 Austis 34 37 1 Loculi 10 8 1 Totale 9 Positive farms 7/9 cases in the high risk zone
ASFV CONTROL MEASURES In 1993, an European Union-funded ASF eradication program (EU Official Bulletin no. L 116, 1990) was adopted. According to the guidelines of the program, all pigs in ASF affected farms and pigs that tested positive to ASFV by serological tests were culled and a prompt refund was given to farmers from 1996, pigs from unaffected farms that were suspected of infection (i.e. freeranging pigs sharing pastures with ASFaffected herds) were also culled
Main reference legislation DPR N.320 8 Febbraio 1954 Regolamento di Polizia Veterinaria D.Leg.vo 20 febbraio 2004, n. 54: Attuazione della Direttiva 2002/60/CE recante disposizioni specifiche per la lotta contro la peste suina africana; Commission Decision 2005/352/EC of 2 May 2005 approving the plan for the eradication of African swine fever in feral pigs in Sardinia, Italy Commission Decision 2005/363/EC of 2 May 2005 concerning animal health protection measures against African swine fever in Sardinia, Italy Commission Decision 2003/422/EC of 26 May 2003 approving an African swine fever diagnostic manual National plan for eradication of african swine fever
ASF - Programme 2010 Serological check of pig farms (sampling IC 95% prevalence 5% Serological and virological check of wild boar during the hunting season (minimum 96 animals for each macro-area in the high risk zone and 59 animals outside the high risk zone) Serological check at the slaughterhouse and in the case of slaughter for familiar consumption Serological check in order to accredit the holding Serological check before the movement of animal in non accredited holdings Serological check on animals producing meat and meat products according to the Decision 363/2005
2010 OUTBREAKS LOCALIZATION Zona infetta selvatico Focolaio cinghiale Focolaio suino Buffer 10KM Comuni con territori sogg.restr.
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 1-2010/NURRI Outbreak: IT054NU011 NURRI (Cagliari Province) Suspect: 12.03.2010 Confirmation: 13.03.2010 Culling: 15.03.2010
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 1-2010/NURRI The animals were kept both into holdings and in pastures bounded by fences Total animals: 160 Dead: 24 Culled: 136
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 1-2010/NURRI Restricted measures were adopted in the area around the farm: 3 Km protection zone and 10 km surveillance zone
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 2-2010/NURRI In the 3 km protection zone a second outbreak was detected : Outbreak: IT054NU012 NURRI (Cagliari Province) Suspect: 04.04.2010 Confirmation: 07.04.2010 Culling: 08.04.2010
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 2-2010/NURRI The animals were detected in a holding with a little paddock Total animals: 15 Dead: 1 Culled: 14
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 3-2010/SINNAI Outbreak: IT051CA063 SINNAI (Cagliari Province) Suspect: 24.03.2010 Confirmation: 25.03.2010 Culling: 27.03.2010
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 3-2010/SINNAI Outbreak: IT051CA063 SINNAI (Cagliari Province) Total: 25 + (12 discovered dead) Dead: 12 (discovered dead) Culled: 25
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 3-2010/SINNAI The farm is very extended and the animals were kept in free-range pasture without adequate fences The Vet Services were informed on 17 March by a nuisance phone call about a smell of suspected dead animals near the farm The Vet Services discovered in the farm 12 dead pigs, so that sampling were carried out on live animals without clinical signs, which were founded serological positive The culling was carried out in both the affected primary farm of the holding and in a contact farm, managed by the same owner
ASFV OUTBREAKS in PIGS 4-2010/SINNAI Outbreak: IT051CA063 QUARTU S. ELENA (Cagliari Province) Suspect: 30.03.2010 Confirmation: 02.04.2010 Culling: 01.04.2010 Total: 29 Dead: 15 Culled:14
ASFV SITUATION The epidemiological surveillance regularly performed didn t detect more positives No further spread of the disease has been detected around these last outbreaks The number of the detected outbreaks reflects the epidemiological situation of past years and confirms the favourable trend of the last five years
ASF - Conclusions In the high risk zone a viral reservoir exists in the domestic pig population that keeps the disease at the endemic status. Outbreaks outside the high risk zone are sporadic and they are rapidly eradicated without permanence of the virus. The epidemiological situation of wild boar is improved outside the high risk zone (no virological positives 2008-2009) Most of the seropositives are detected in the restricted zones or in rural farms (no seropositives at slaughterhouse)
Thank you for attention